Illicit financial flows: Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana and Liberia

This study examines illicit financial flows (IFF) associated with the ASGM sector in Ghana and Liberia and reveals a complex web of informal and illicit activity associated with IFFs, with detrimental consequences for development. It focuses on gold because of its prominence in the West African Region and artisanal small-scale mining (ASM), rather than large-scale mining (LSM).